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Tusheti

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説明Tusheti (Georgian: თუშეთი) is a historic region in northeast Georgia.GeographyLocated on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, Tusheti is bordered by the Russian republics of Chechnya and Dagestan to the north and east, respectively; and by the Georgian historic provinces Kakheti and Pshav-Khevsureti to the south and west, respectively. The population of the area is mainly ethnic Georgians called Tushs or Tushetians (Georgian: tushebi).Historically, Tusheti comprised four mountain communities of the Alazani Valley. These are Tsova, Gometzari, Chaghma and the Piriq’iti Tusheti (formerly known as Pharsman's Tusheti). Included in the present day Akhmeta raioni, Kakheti region, Georgia, the area comprises ten villages with Omalo being the largest.HistoryTypical towers at Dartlo, TushetiThe area is thought to have long been inhabited by the Tush, a subgroup of Georgians, which themselves divide into two groups- the Chagma-Tush (Georgian name, used for Tush who speak the local Georgian dialect) and Tsova-Tush (Nakh-speaking Tush, better known as Bats or Batsbi). It is uncertain whether ethnic Georgians were there first or whether Bats were.[1] There are two major theories on the origins of the Bats (with various variations).One is that the Bats are the remnant of a larger Nakh-speaking people, shrunk be assimilation to the Georgian language. One candidate is the Kakh, a historical people living in Kakheti and Tusheti (who apparently called themselves Kabatsa).[2] However, the belief that the Kakh were originally Nakh is not widely held. The Georgian name for the Bats, the Tsova-Tush, may also (or instead) be linked to the Tsov, a historical Nakh people claimed by the Georgian historian Melikishvilli to have ruled over the Kingdom of Sophene in Urartu (called Tsobena in Georgian) who were apparently forcefully moved to the region around Erebuni, a region linked to Nakh peoples by place names and various historiography (see Nakh peoples for more info).[3][4][5] However, theories linking the Bats to Transcaucasian peoples are not universally accepted (see below).A combat tower, TushetiThe second theory has it that the Batsbi crossed the Greater Caucasus range from Ingushetia in the seventeenth century and eventually settled in Tusheti,[6][7] and that they are therefore a tribe of Ingush origin which was christianized and "Georgianized" over the centuries. However, this latter theory is somewhat awkward with regard to the fact that, linguistically, the Bats language (within the Nakh family) is much more distinct from Chechen and Ingush than they are from each other, having differentiated from them much longer ago than the 17th century (when Chechen and Ingush began differentiating, approximately, was in fact during the 15th century, but they are far more similar), and forms a completely different branch. However, this does not necessarily render the theory to be completely non-plausible, it simply renders the timing awkward.King Levan of Kakheti (1520–1574) apparently granted the Bats official ownership of the lands in the Alvani Valley in exchange for their military service.[citation needed] Bats-speaking inhabitants of Tusheti are known to the local Georgians as the Tsova-Tushs, they have a high degree of assimilation and are typically bilingual using both Georgian and their own Bats languages. Nowadays, Bats is spoken only in a village Zemo Alvani. Anthropological studies on the Tsova-Tush found them to be somewhere in between the Chechen-origin Kists and the Chagma-Tush of the region, but significantly closer to the Chagma-Tush.[1]Dartlo Village, TushetiDartlo Village, TushetiThe Bats have considered themselves Georgian by nation for a long period of time, and have been speaking Georgian for a while as well.[citation needed] The process of assimilation of the Bats continues, but many Bats have held on to their language and spoken Georgian as well, accounting for the massive Georgian influence on their language.[citation needed] They are Georgian Orthodox Christians. Many of the Georgians of Tusheti as well as regions south of it may be of Kakh origin as well, judging from highly divergent genetics- A study headed by Georgian scientist Nasidze on Caucasian groups showed that Georgians of the Northeast of their country were hugely different from the rest.[8]Pagan Georgians from Pkhovi took refuge in the uninhabited mountains during their rebellion against Christianization implemented by the Iberian king Mirian III in the 330s. Subsequently, they were forcibly converted to Christianity and subdued by the Georgian kings.[citation needed]Regarding the relationship between the Nakh (Tsova) and Georgian (Chagma) Tushians, the "Red Book", states the following:For centuries there have been two communities next to each other in Tushetia, one speaking the Nakh language, the other Old Georgian. The general name for them is tush, according to their language either Tsova- or Chagma-Tushian. They formed one single material and intellectual unit with Old Georgian elements prevailing.The descendants of the Old Georgian pagan tribes, whose ancestors had fled from Christianity to Tushetia, are regarded as Tushians. In the mountains some of the fugitives splintered off from other Old Georgian tribes. They were in close contact with the Nakh tribes which resulted in a new linguistic unit.[1]After the collapse of the unified Georgian monarchy, Tusheti came under the rule of Kakhetian kings in the fifteenth century.Farsma tower, TushetiDuring the German invasion of Soviet Union, a minor anti-Soviet revolt took place in the area in 1942-1943, seemingly linked to the similar but more large-scale events in the neighbouring Ingushetia.[edit]CultureKeselo, TushetiTraditionally, the Tushs are sheep herders. Tushetian Gouda (cheese) cheese and high quality wool was famous and was exported to Europe and Russia. Even today sheep and cattle breeding is the leading branch of the economy of highland Tusheti. The local shepherds spend the summer months in the highland areas of Tusheti but live in the lowland villages of Zemo Alvani and Kvemo Alvani in wintertime. Their customs and traditions are similar to those of other eastern Georgian mountaineers (see Khevsureti).One of the most ecologically unspoiled regions in the Caucasus, Tusheti is a popular mountain-trekking venue.Pork is tabooed in Tusheti. Farmers will not raise pigs and travelers are usually advised to not bring any pork into the region. Locals will however eat pork themselves when not in Tusheti.
撮影日2011-07-15 14:28:01
撮影者vampa_ , Tbilisi, Georgia
撮影地
カメラCanon EOS 450D , Canon
露出0.008 sec (1/125)
開放F値f/8.0
焦点距離18 mm


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