alpinism | Loos-en-Gohelle : 無料・フリー素材/写真
alpinism | Loos-en-Gohelle / ©HTO3
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承 2.1 |
|---|---|
| 説明 | A spoil tip (also called bing, Boney piles, culm, waste coal, gob piles, slate dumps or pit heaps) is a pile built of accumulated spoil, which is a by-product of mining. These waste materials are mostly composed of shale, as well as smaller quantities of carboniferous sandstone and various other residues.Spoil tips may be conical in shape, and can appear as conspicuous features of the landscape, or they may be much flatter and eroded, especially if vegetation has established itself on them. The highest in Europe is in Loos-en-Gohelle in the former mining area of Pas-de-Calais. It comprises a range of five cones, of which two reach 180 m (590 ft), surpassing the highest peak in Flanders, Mont Cassel.The oldest coal-based spoil tips may still contain enough coal to begin spontaneous slow combustion. This results in a form of vitrification of the shale, which then acquires sufficient mechanical strength to be of use in road construction. Some can therefore have a new life in being thus exploited; for example, the flattened pile of residue from the 11/19 site of Loos-en-Gohelle. Conversely, others are painstakingly preserved on account of their ecological wealth. With the passage of time, they become colonised with a variety of flora and fauna, sometimes foreign to the region. This diversity follows the mining exploitation. For example, because the miners threw their apple or pear cores into the wagons, the spoil tips became colonised with forgotten varieties of fruit trees. One can even observe the proliferation of buckler-leaved sorrel (French sorrel - Rumex scutatus), the seeds of which have been carried within the cracks in the pine timber used in the mines. Furthermore, on account of its dark colour, the South face of the spoil tip is significantly warmer than its surroundings, which contributes to the diverse ecology of the area. In this way, the spoil tip of Pinchonvalles, at Avion, hosts 200 different varieties of higher plants. Some thirty species of birds nest there.Some cultivate vines, as in the case of spoil tip No7 of the coal-mining region of Mariemont-Bascoup near Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont (province of Hainaut) which produces some 3,000 litres of wine each year.The piles also create acid rock drainage, which pollutes streams and rivers. |
| 撮影日 | 2010-08-13 10:36:18 |
| 撮影者 | ©HTO3 , Troyeseffigy, the bully |
| タグ | |
| 撮影地 | |
| カメラ | Canon EOS REBEL T1i , Canon |
| 露出 | 0.005 sec (1/200) |
| 開放F値 | f/9.0 |
| 焦点距離 | 18 mm |