Macquarie House doorway. Hobart. Tasmania. Sandstone corbells beside the door supporting a narrow ledge. : 無料・フリー素材/写真
Macquarie House doorway. Hobart. Tasmania. Sandstone corbells beside the door supporting a narrow ledge. / denisbin
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-改変禁止 2.1 |
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| 説明 | Convict Settlement to Colony: 1803-1825.Following Nicholas Baudin’s voyages and charting around SA and Van Diemen’s Land in 1802 Governor King got nervous about the intentions of France. So he despatched naval officer John Bowen to establish a con-vict settlement on the Derwent in 1803. He arrived there in September 1803. Meantime the British government had sent Captain Collins with a fleet and settlers to establish a new settlement on Port Phillip (where Sorrento is now located.) He arrived there in 1803. He decided the site was unsuitable and moved himself and his settlers on to the Derwent in January 1804. Governor King sent orders that Bowen was to hand over control of the settlement to Collins but Bowen tarried and did not do this until May 1804. Bowen left and returned to England at the end for that year and Collins became Lieutenant Governor. Hobart became the third Australian settlement after Port Jackson, (1788) and Norfolk Island (1790). Governor King was still worried about French intentions of colo-nising so he also sent Captain William Paterson to form a settlement on the Tamar at Port Dalrymple in November 1804. This became the settle-ment of Launceston in 1806 when he moved to the better location of the junction of the South Esk and Tamar Rivers. Governor Macquarie inter-fered after 1812 and had the settlement moved to George Town on Bass Strait again. He relented in 1824 as he was about to leave NSW and Launceston was founded yet again! The Van Diemen Land settlements began as convict outposts of NSW with the first direct shipment of convicts from England only arriving in Hobart in 1812. Prior to then convicts came from Sydney. But the British Colonial Office wanted to make money from these penal settlements so from 1813 the colony was open to international trade and commerce. Most convicts in DVL, as in NSW, were assigned to landowners to work for them or to government building teams. But in 1821 a major convict camp was opened in Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast for the most serious offenders. Conditions here were harsh, bleak because of the in-cessant rain and cold, and brutal. It was also a costly exercise to provi-sion a penal settlement so far from a major port and far from agricultur-al areas. Few convicts could escape as there was no other settlement on the west coast to escape too. Mainly because of its cost Macquarie Har-bour penal settlement was closed in 1833 and these worst offenders moved to another isolated penal site surrounded by water on three sides- Port Arthur. The other early penal settlement on Maria Island which had opened in 1821 was closed at the same time in 1832 and its convicts also moved to Port Arthur. The new largest penal community thus began in1830 at Port Arthur. The 1820s saw some fairly rapid growth in Hobart and elsewhere. In 1821 Governor Macquarie of NSW visited VDL and personally named and selected sites for free townships at Perth, Campbell Town, Ross, Oat-lands, and Brighton thus opening up the central region between Hobart and Launceston.Van Diemen’s Land and the Norfolk Island Connection. A ship was sent out from the fledgling Botany Bay settlement in 1788 to settle Norfolk Island. A mere seven officials and 15 convicts were sent in 1790. More followed in the early 1790s.It was a strategic but financially burdensome settlement and so the British Colonial Office made the de-cision to abandon Norfolk Island in 1805. The convicts, guards and free settlers were ordered to move to Van Diemen’s Land. The first Norfolk Islanders arrived in VDL in 1805 and by 1808 a total of 713 settlers and convicts had arrived. The last 200 occupants of Norfolk Island were sent to VDL in 1813. The convicts were accommodated in VDL prisons, and the free settlers moved up the Derwent River to New Norfolk (1808) and in the north near Launceston to Norfolk Plains (1813). This latter settle-ment had its named changed to Longford in 1833. When the first 577 Norfolk Islanders arrived in VDL they increased the Hobart population overnight from 483 people to 1,060 people! Little food was available and accommodation was short so arrivals had to share lodgings with convicts. Any remaining Norfolk Islander convicts were pardoned and all free settlers received land grants. Most of the free Norfolk Islanders had been convicts at some stage. Around 50% were given land grants, usually 10 acres or less around Sandy Bay and Glenorchy, and 30% were moved up the Derwent to New Norfolk. The Islanders mainly had farming skills. However, Lieutenant Governor Col-lins, head of the VDL settlement found a new mistress among the Nor-folk Islanders- a 16 year old called Margaret Eddington. Her parents were convicts but she had been born as a free women. Collins was 53 years old in 1808 when Margaret arrived. Collins had two children with Marga-ret, one in 1808, the other in 1809. He died suddenly in 1810 and was buried on site that was to become St David’s Cathedral. He had also had two children with a mistress in Sydney in the 1790s. But the saga of the connection with Norfolk Island did not end there. In 1824 Norfolk was re-opened as a convict prison for the worst of the worst. It gained a reputation for brutally, inhumanity and the harshest of discipline. When transportation to NSW ended in 1840 the British government still kept sending convicts to Norfolk Island. Around 2,000 were there at any one time. In 1842 the control of Norfolk was trans-ferred from NSW to VDL because VDL still had convict transportation. Just before self government was granted to NSW in 1856 the British gov-ernment transferred control of Norfolk Island back to NSW and the con-victs on Norfolk at that time were evacuated to Port Arthur in 1855. This occurred even though convict transportation to the self governing Tas-mania had ceased in 1852. One final point: after closing down Norfolk Island for a second time in 1855 the British government then re-opened it in 1856 by settling 194 Pitcairn Islanders, mainly descendants of the Mutiny of the Bounty sailors, to Norfolk Island. Some Tahitians moved with the Pitcairn Islanders.Penal Colony to Self Government in Tasmania: 1825-1856.This period began in 1825 with VDL being separated from NSW and be-coming a colony in its own right. In that same year the Richmond Bridge, Australia’s oldest, which was begin in 1823 was finally opened to traffic. In 1826 the Van Diemans Land Company began its operations on the North West coast near Stanley. The period of the 1830s and 1840s saw VDL grow in population and settlement spread across the northern plains near Launceston, through the centre of the island, and around the Hobart area. It was a period when grand houses, fine churches and small villages were settled usually with much of their wealth coming from wool. Perhaps one sign of the maturing colony was the arrival of the first Anglican Bishop in 1843, the Rev. Francis Nixon who lived in Bishops-bourne, now called Runnymede in North Hobart which we will visit. By then the Aborigines had been subdued but Bishop Nixon found plenty of missionary work necessary to improve living conditions for the Aborig-ines. This was also the period when libraries, hospitals, newspapers, sailing clubs and sport teams were established. In 1836 (the year when SA was founded) when Governor Arthur, the first VDL Governor, left the colony to be the Governor of Upper Canada the population had reached 43,000 of which 24,000 were “free” settlers. But most of these free settlers had been convicts at some stage and had been pardoned.In 1849 the first anti-transportation (of convicts) meeting was held in Launceston. Shortly after this the British Colonial office announced that transportation to NSW, Queensland and Van Diemen’s Land (but not WA) would cease in 1853. The last convict ship from England arrived in Hobart in May 1853 (but convicts arrived from Norfolk Island in 1855). Partial self government was introduced in 1850 by the British Colonial Office. Full independence was not granted until 1856 when the colony’s name was change from Van Diemen’s Land to Tasmania. Later the name of the capital, Hobart Town, was changed to Hobart in 1881. But the convict heritage of Tasmania was not simply wiped away with the cessation of transportation in 1853. Convicts at Port Arthur were not released and the British did not withdraw its last militia forces from Port Arthur and Tasmania until 1870. Port Arthur finally closed as a prison in 1878 just a couple of years before the beautiful church at Port Arthur church was destroyed by fire. There were almost 900 prisoners at Port Arthur in 1863 including 100 who were serving life sentences. When it closed in 1878 it had 200 inmates (prisoners, convicts, paupers and luna-tics.) But the convict built heritage of Tasmania survived for us to see and admire today.Unique to Tasmania. Tasmanian Fauna. Tasmanian Devils were considered a nuisance by early European settlers of Hobart Town, who complained of raids on poultry yards. In 1830 the Van Diemen’s Land Company introduced a bounty scheme to remove Tasmanian Devils, as well as Tasmanian Tigers and wild dogs, from their northwest properties. They offered 2/6 pence for male Devils and 3/6 pence for female Devils. For more than a century, Devils were trapped and poisoned. They became very rare, seemingly headed for extinction. But the population gradually increased after they were protected by law in June 1941.But the story of the Tasmania Tigers ended less satisfactorily. The arrival of European settlers marked the start of a tragic period of conflict that led to the Thylacine's extinction. The introduction of sheep in 1824 led to conflict between the settlers and Thylacines. In 1830 the Van Die-men’s Land Company introduced bounties for killed Thylacines. This was followed in 1888 by the Tasmanian parliament offering a bounty of £1 for a dead Thylacine. By the time this scheme ended in 1909 almost 2,200 bounties had been paid out. By this time Thylacines were rare and sought after by zoos. The last one purchased was by London Zoo in 1926 with last Thylacine captured in Tasmania in 1933. It died in Hobart Zoo three years later and was the last captive known in the world. No con-firmed sightings have ever been made since. So in just over 100 years the Tasmanian Tiger was exterminated forever. The Huon Pine. Also unique to Tasmania is the Huon Pine, a major wood used for furni-ture making and ship building. The species Lagarostrobos franklinii is a species of native conifer endemic to the Franklin River area on the very wet south west coast of Tasmania- hence its name franklinii. It is not a pine but a podocarp which looks like a pine. It is extremely slow growing and long lived with some trees in excess of 2,000 years old. One stand of trees is reputed to be 10,000 year sold as a single organism but no one tree has lived that long, the group keeps revegetating and growing where they touch the ground! The wood is highly prized and very expen-sive these days. Remaining trees are all protected. Huon Pine is com-monly associated with rainforest vegetation such as myrtle, celery-top pine, sassafras, leatherwood and blackwood. Huon pines have been ring dated to over 4,000 years. Bristlecone pines in the USA have been dated to 4,600 years making them the oldest living organisms on earth. Hare-Clark voting system. Tasmania has a different voting system from the rest of Australia named after Mr Hare an Englishman and Andrew Clark a 19th century Tasmanian Attorney General. Tasmania adopted the system in 1896, revived it after a lapse in 1907, and has used it in every election since 1909. In 1959, in an attempt to avoid hung Parliaments, the Tasmanian Assembly was en-larged to seven Members in each of the five electorates. In 1998 the number was reduced to five in each of the five electorates. These elec-torates are the same as those used for the five Tasmanian seats in the Federal House of Representatives. A quota (the minimum number of votes necessary for election to the Assembly) represents 16.66% of the valid vote cast in each of the five electorates. All candidates receiving more votes than a quota are declared elected. This system enables mi-nor parties to gain seats in the Assembly. That is why the Greens for some time have held the balance of power in the hung Tasmanian par-liaments. Hydro Electricity and Power Generation. Tasmania is unique in Australia in that most of its electricity produces no carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases and is produced from renewable energy- flowing water. The hydro electricity department was established as a state government department in 1914 and it still produces over 75% of all of Tasmania’s electricity. At times of high demand Tasmania feeds power into the national electricity grid. Power generation is still a state government enterprise. Less than 25% of power is generated by gas tur-bines. The state currently has 29 hydro electricity power stations across seven main waterways. Power usage in Tasmania is reasonably high as they have a power hungry zinc smelter and an aluminium smelter, and currently three large pulp paper mills. Copper smelting is another major industry in Tasmania that draws much power from the electricity grid. Specialist Agriculture and Fisheries in Tasmania. Because of its reliable and relatively high rainfall, pure air, and cooler summers, agriculture is very important in Tasmania, including a few unu-sual or unique industries. Apples and pears are no longer the major crop of Tasmania. In parts of the north coast extensive crops of Pyrethrum ( for insecticide) and opium poppies (for medical uses) are grown; the coasts and rivers of Tasmania provide a basis for a large scallop and lob-ster industry and a salmon and trout industry; eating peas, destined for either freezing or canning are common; and Tasmanian dairying is the basis not only of speciality cheeses, but also for Cadbury’s chocolate and confectionary production. And one product with an international repu-tation (and supplied to royalty) is Cape Grim pure water, as the rain that falls there has blown straight from Antarctica! |
| 撮影日 | 2011-03-16 15:36:56 |
| 撮影者 | denisbin |
| タグ | |
| 撮影地 | |
| カメラ | DSC-S950 , SONY |
| 露出 | 0.003 sec (1/320) |
| 開放F値 | f/5.1 |